Weekly Market Update: The return of quantitative tightening

Weekly Market Update: The return of quantitative tightening

Mon 11 Apr 2022

My first degree was in Operations and Change management. Here’s what I learned. For change to happen, it needs to be:

  1. Swift
  2. Forceful
  3. Inspiring

Various studies have shown that 60% to 70% of all organisational change fails. (Interestingly enough, the number hasn’t changed much since my own student years, which might tell you something about the value of MBAs). Chances for successful change are slim at best in business organisations, most of which feature only a few thousand employees and are run hierarchically. Goals there are simple, stakeholder demographics are clear and, quite frankly, issuing orders from the top is easy. Imagine then how much more difficult it is to achieve transformational change in western democratic politics, which balance powers, all within the chaotic context of a globalised world.

Last night, we saw the first round of the French elections. Pundits notice that Macron won easily, but in the second round he has his work cut out for him. Mr Macron needs some of the Left’s votes (not very many) to secure re-election. Both candidates will need to raise their voices and warn of destruction of their opponent is elected, in order to close ranks on their own potential voters. The stakes are high and thus in the next two weeks investors should not be too surprised at the high levels of alarmism over the fate of France and, subsequently, Europe. The Euro gave up early gains in the morning as investors were taking in the results.

For Ms LePen to win she would have to successfully both muster all kindred political forces and see virtually all of the Left voters stay at home in the 24th of August.

The larger probability event, excluding surprises, is that Mr Macron will be re-elected. However, what this means for Europe and the Euro is greatly exaggerated. In 2017 Mr Macron was a hopeful young politician who had swept France off its feet and given hope to Europeans that unification was possible under him. In 2022 he’s an embattled incumbent who can hope for a slim-medium victory. His political clout in Europe will not grow stronger. How could it? Internationalism and integration have given way to national rhetoric in Europe for more than a decade. Meanwhile, Germany’s Olaf Scholtz, heading an extremely fragile coalition, is still reticent about issuing common debt and supporting quantitative easing while no negotiation has taken place towards completing a banking union. Europe’s weakness is apparent in the recent Ukrainian war. Where the UK and America were ready to offer weapons and assistance, the EU is grumblingly enforcing economic sanctions. The true power, or rather the only bulwark, of the Eurozone is ECB President Christine Lagarde, whose own potency is weakening as the central bank is increasingly coming under fire for bucking the Anglo-Saxon trend and keeping interest rates low. In short, Mr Macron may well be re-elected in two weeks, but a slim victory will not help his European cause. Longer term considerations for the Euro’s survival will probably remain the same well after the 24th of April. In case Ms Lepen wins, pressures on the common currency could significantly intensify.

Meanwhile in the US we saw another set of very hawkish minutes from the FOMC. Markets are now pricing in eight interest rate hikes, up from three in January. I wonder, at times, if the Fed is acting more hawkish than it really is. If one can’t actually raise interest rates at a level that would meet inflation (that is close to 10%, a level not seen since the second Reagan administration), one might as well “talk” rates up. This would help the central bank maintain some credibility that it can carry out its primary mission, price stability, without having to completely strangle the economy to get there. Currently, markets price in rates for 2022 much higher than where the median FOMC member does. We shouldn’t hold it against them, however. Markets lost their monetary tether and are currently drifting trendless. The point is that we should take the FOMC minutes with a pinch of salt. What should worry markets more, as with politics, is the lack of inspired leadership within the Fed. Mr Powell is a compromise political solution, reflecting a divided US Senate, a lawyer by training who rules by consensus. Conversely, his predecessors, especially Messers Bernanke and Greenspan and, to a degree Ms Yellen, were actively trying to woo markets and opted for fostering growth. This inflationary episode is the first such instance in nearly fifty years where rates rise but banks, which helped growth balance in the 1980s, remain shackled to heavy regulations. Lack of inspirational leadership by the Fed has left the markets in search of a new trend.

Which brings us to the real issue. Portfolio managers have no guidance from neither the past, nor the powers that be. Equity resilience is baffling pundits. When equities go up, bonds are supposed to follow from a distance. When equities drop, bonds are supposed to be resilient.

The picture of negative returns, but one where equities outperform bonds is turning Harry Markowitz’s portfolio theory on its head and fund managers spinning their wheels. But one just has to see that in context of inflation. What used to move risk assets, monetary accommodation, doesn’t work now. Thus, asset classes must be seen in their own merit. Investing in bonds which yield 2%-3% when inflation is at 8% makes much less sense than investing in bonds yielding 1% when inflation was at 1.5%. Investing in equities on a relative basis seems much more sensible, especially as recent earnings have helped bring valuation levels lower. Having said that, the general picture is one of fear and lack of direction.

How should portfolio holders react? They shouldn’t. When one finds oneself in the middle of a tornado, the best idea is probably to stay anchored in the centre and wait. In this maelstrom, we don’t expect policymakers, shackled by inflation to do much, at least for another six months. Two years ago, we saw global stocks drop 34% in a few days, only to perform one of the biggest turnarounds in history. At this point, a lot of activity is driven by robots. But as conventional portfolio theory goes out of the window, along with the previous financial paradigm, asset allocators should wait to see how the new market paradigm will shape and who, if any will lead it. Which is why in our recent investment committee we decided to maintain our headline bond and equity weightings at underweight and neutral respectively, while reducing risks within equities.

George Lagarias – Chief Economist